5th Matariki Month - Whiringa-ā-nuku (2nd Year)

Te Marama o Matariki He Maramataka Māori -

Whiringa-ā-nuku

5th Month of the Matariki Year - October/November

Mai i ngā huringa āwhio o Aotahi me te hokinga mai o te Koekoeā i tōna haerenga tawhiti nui tawhiti roa, he tohu tēnei me tīmata te whakatikatika i te whenua mō te whakatō i te kūmara. Kei te kai te Tūi i ngā putiputi o te Harakeke. Kei te mahana ake a Papatūānuku kua rite te wā mō te tō i te kākano. He maha, he nui ngā mahi ahuwhenua.

The celestial movements of Canopus and the return of the Long-tailed Cuckoo from migration signals the time to prepare ground for planting the kūmara crops. Tui are feeding on the flowers of Flax. Earth is now warm and ready for seed. People are busy with gardens.

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Koekoeā Long Tailed Cuckoo 

Eudynamys taitensis

‘Kawe tonu, Kawe tonu.’ 

‘Carry on, carry on.’

This whakatauākī (proverb) refers to the focused determination and strong will displayed by the Koekoeā during its long migration. A reminder that we too can overcome adversities with these qualities.

When the shrill piercing sound of Koekoeā rides in on warm westerly winds from the north during Whiringa-ā-nuku (5th Matariki month), it is time to prepare kūmara for planting.

Koekoeā, known also as Kōhopereoa and Kawekawekā, are a species of cuckoo in the Cuculidae family and are native to New Zealand. They spend most of their time in the canopies of New Zealands’ tall forests. Adults grow to about 40cm and weigh around 125gm. Their striking dark brown and buff speckled breast and long tail feathers were prized by the māori for cloaks.

They fly over 3’500km to return to the place of their birth for the warm months of summer, where they lays eggs to be reared in the nests of small birds such as whiteheads, yellowheads and brown creepers. Koekoeā chicks hatching first, throw the host chicks from the nest and then mimic their calls. Māori believed Koekoeā was supernatural and of heavenly origins, a child of Rakamaomao, brother to the God of the winds. When the cold winds return from the south in Poutū-te-rangi, the Koekoeā song disappears from our land and they leave home once again for the warmth of the tropics. Kūmara are now ready for harvest. 


Some māori believed Koekoeā lost all its feathers in the cold months of winter and crept into holes where it hibernated in the form of a lizard, shifting its shape once again in the summer.

4th Matariki Month - Mahuru (2nd Year)

Te Marama o Matariki He Maramataka Māori - Mahuru

4th Month of the Māori Year - September/October

Ka hoki mai te Pīpīwharauroa i tōnā rerenga ki tawhiti nui ki tawhitiroa. Kua hoki mai ki tōna wähi whānautanga, ki te whānau i ōna hēki. E pūāwai ana te Kōwhai, te Puawānanga me te Rangiora. Kua aata ara mai a Papatūānuku i tōnā moenga roa o te Hōtoke. Ka tīmata ngā mahi ki te whakatikatika i ngā māra kai.  

Shining Cuckoo return from their migration to lay eggs in the place of their birth. Kōwhai, Clematis and Bushmans Friend are now in flower. Earth slowly wakes from a long winter sleep and the ground is prepared for gardens.

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Te Tohu o Kaupeka - Puawānanga

Sign of the Season - Clematis, Clematis paniculata

‘Tama tū, tama ora; tama moe, tama mate kai.’

‘He who works survives; he who is idle perishes.’

This whakatauākī (proverb) is a reference to the message brought by the arrival of Puawānanga (Clematis) and the Koekoeä (Shining Cuckoo) in the forests ‘Kia mataara! Awake!’

When the beautiful star shaped flowers of Puawānanga open in Mahuru (4th Matariki month), spring has arrived and it is time to prepare for planting.

Puawānanga, part of the ranunculaceae family is endemic to New Zealand and naturalized on Chatham Island. It can be found growing wild in both coastal and mountainous regions of the North, South and Stewart Islands. Flowers growing on vines further inland are usually larger than those on the coast and the male flowers are found on different plants and are larger in size than female flowers. The distinguished six-sepaled white unisexual flowers tumble over the tops of their host trees in clusters of 100 or more blossoms on  vigorous evergreen woody vines. The broad oblong shaped leathery leaves of  Puawānanga are quite smooth and dark green on top, with paler green undersides  that are thinly coated in a layer of tiny white hairs. 

Puawānanga, known also as Pōānanga, is an extremely sacred flower and as all beautiful flowers was borne of Rehua (Antares in Scorpio) and Puanga (Rigel in Orion), two eminent stars of the heavens. 

The flowering of Puawānanga in spring also signals the upstream migration of tuna, elvers or young eels who are also the children of Rehua.

3rd Matariki Month - Here-turi-koka (2)

Te Marama o Matariki He Maramataka Māori - Here-turi-kōkā

3rd Month of the Māori Year - August/September

Ka maranga mai a Whakaahu ki te tahatū o te Raki ki te Rāwhiti, kei te mau mai i te tupuranga hōu. Ka maranga mai hoki a Pareārau ki te paerangi o te Rāwhiti - Raki ki te Rāwhiti ki te ärahi mai, te kukume mai i Te Mangōroa ki te rangi tū-hāha. Ka kitea te Korimako e kai ana i ngā putiputi pūāwai o te Puahou me ngā Kohekohe. E makariri tonu ana Papatūānuku, engari kei te mahana te tangata mai i te inaina i te ahi. 

Castor rises in the northeast bringing new growth. Saturn rises on the east-northeastern horizon to lead The Milky Way through the heavens. Bellbirds are seen feeding on the flowers of Five-finger and Kohekohe. Earth is still cold, people are warmed by their fires.

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Te Tohu o Kaupeka - Te Mangōroa
Sign of the Season - The Milky Way The Galaxy 

‘E tūtaki ana ngā kapua o te rangi, 
kei runga te Mangōroa e kōpae pū ana.’

‘The clouds in the sky close in 
but above them extends the Milky Way.’

This pepeha (metaphor) reminds us to reach beyond that which may adversely effect our opinion of something to the place where a far greater potential lies waiting. 

Mangōroa can be seen sinking into the south-western horizon just before dawn during Here-turi-kōkā (3rd Matariki month). The earth is still cold and people stay warmed by their fires.  

Mangōroa is known also as Te-Ika-a-Maui or The Fish of Maui, Te-Ika-matua-a-Tangaroa, Te-Ika-o-te-rangi, Te-Ika-roa-o-te-rangi, Te-Tuahiwi-nui-o-rangi, Te-whenua-o-te-rangi, Te-Mangaroa, Te Mangoroiata, Te Mokoroa-i-ata, Te Paeroa o Whänui, Te-Ika-roa, Te-Ika-o-Raki, Te Tuahiwi o Rangi-nui, Whiti-kaupeka, Te Kupenga a Taramainuku, Te Awanui a Rangi, Long Fish and Long Shark.

It is a beautifully spiraled galaxy made up of dust, gas, and more than 400 billion stars some 43488.44 ly away, 0.156 MLY in diameter and 15590.6 ly in thickness. 

Mangōroa, the largest tribe of ra ririki or little suns (stars) in the sky is said to have been carried to the heavens in the form of a great luminous basket known as ‘Ko Te Mangōroa tonu taua kete’ in Uruao, the waka atua or supernatural canoe of Tamarereti, to adorn the body of Ranginui, the sky father. Others say it was Māui, the atua trickster who released the shark in the sky known as Mangōroa. Its task is to mark the passage of time during the night and lighten the morning hours.

2nd Matariki Month - Hōngongoi (2)

Te Marama o Matariki He Maramataka Māori - Hōngongoi

2nd Month of the Māori Year - July/August

Ka mimiti atu Meremere te whetū o te ahiahi i te 20:06 ki te parera kotipu. Kei te whai hua te Putaputaweta, ka kitea hoki ngā pūāwai o te Kōtukutuku ki runga i te whenua. Kei te tino makariri a Papatūānuku. Me noho tonu te tangata ki te pāinaina i te ahi, kia whai mahana tonu.

Venus, as the evening star sets at 20:06 in the west-northwest. Marble Leaf is covered in fruit and flowers of the Fuchsia Tree are found on the ground. Earth is now very cold, people must stay by their fires to keep warm.

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Te Tohu o Kaupeka - Tautoru
Sign of the Season - Orions’ Belt (Stars) 

Mintaka, Alnilam and Alnitak  

‘Kua kitea tetahi whetu, ko Tautoru, matangi tau tika, noho ki roto.’

‘When the stars of Tautoru appear, the wind remains set between the whakarua and tonga points of the compass.’ 

This whakatauākī (proverb) is a reference to the direction of the winds at this time of the year when Tautoru is seen rising, and a reflection of the moment he fell to his death in the dawn. 

When the bright stars of Tautoru are seen rising in Hōngongoi (2nd Matariki month) on the eastern horizon just before dawn, the earth is quite cold and people must stay by their fires to keep warm. 

Tautoru, known also as the whata of Puanga, Te Tira o Puanga, Te tuke o Maui, Te Tata o Tautoru and Te-tuke-o-Tautoru is comprised of  3 stars, Mintaka, Alnilam and Alnitak.

Tautoru the bird snare, is seen being pulled through the heavens by Puanga (Rigel), the bright ripe-red berry that lures the birds to rest from their flight on the perch of Tautoru.

Tautoru was known as a very esteemed bird snarer who invoked the bird snaring skills of Tāne Mahuta, God of the Forest, through rituals and karakia. Rauroha, the beautiful Goddess of Air, fell in love with Tautoru and slipped from the sky to be with him each night. Tautoru was forbidden to gaze at her face as her features were tapu and she would leave him again as the dark became dawn. Tautoru fell to his death during Hōngongoi,  when in yearning to witness her beauty he watched as the first rays of light touched her face, ending bird snaring season. When Tāne Mahuta learnt of the death of Tautoru, he took him up to the heavens and transformed him to the shining bird snare star cluster bearing his name.

1st Matariki Month - Pipiri

Te Marama o Matariki He Maramataka Māori - Pipiri

1st Month of the Māori Year - June/July

Ka kitea a Matariki me Puanga i te atapō tonu i te tahatū o te Raki ki te Rāwhiti ki te paerangi o te Rāwhiti. Kei te pūāwai te Kohekohe, me te taka o te huarākau ki te whenua. E makariri ana a Papatūānuku me ōna uri katoa.

 

Pleiades and Rigel can be seen just before dawn in the east-northeast and eastern horizon. Kohekohe is in flower and Supplejack fruit is found on the ground. Earth is now cold, so too are her people.

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Te Tohu o Kaupeka - Puanga
Sign of the Season - Rigel (Star) 

‘Ka tahia te marae i a Puanga ka puta i te ata,

a tae noa ki te marama tekau ma rua, a ma rua tuma.’

‘The marae was swept when Rigel appeared in the morning,

also in the twelfth month and the odd one.’

This whakatauākī (proverb) relating to the task of cleaning when Puanga is seen rising before the dawn is a reference to preparing the home and grounds for celebration and the coming new year.

When Puanga appears the Earth becomes cold and so to do her people. 

Puanga, known also as Pua-tawhiwhi o Tautoru, Poaka, Puaka and Puangarua, a navigational star and food-bearer associated with the cultivation of kümara in the constellation of Orion, is one of the most beautiful of all stars in the heavens. It can be seen leading Tautoro (Orions Belt), the whata or food store of Puanga, across the heavens, while pulling in the light of day from behind. 

Māori were said to regard the giant shining red light of Puanga as a large ripe red berry. Kereru and other  native birds perched on the store house of Puanga during their long flight through the heavens to feed on the berry. Blessings and gifts are offered up to Puanga when it appears on the eastern horizon.

Puanga, known as a child of Wahitiri, the personified form of Thunder, ascended to the heavens with Matariki from their mother Raro, the Underworld. Puanga is said to be the parent of Aotahi (Canopus) and with Rēhua (Antares), the parent of Puawananga or Clematis. Puanga challenges the role of Matariki as the Celestial sign of the coming New (Matariki) Year and in some tribal regions is known for this task.

matakite: 1st Matariki Month - Pipiri

matakite: 1st Matariki Month - Pipiri
Mate atu he tete kura, ara mai ano he tete kura
One frond dies and another frond takes its place (just like the Matariki Year)

12th Matariki Month - Haratua

Te Marama o Matariki He Maramataka Māori - Haratua

12th Month of the Māori Year - May/June

 

E pūāwai tonu ana ētahi Rātā. E whakamine ana te Kawau Pū. He wā ngahuru ka taka ngā raurau o ngā rākau. Kei roto katoa ngā Kūmara i ngā pātaka kai. E makariri ana a Papatūānuku. Kua oti katoa ngā mahi hauhake huawhenua i roto i tēnei wā o te marama āwhio.

Some Rata are flowering. Black Shag are seen found roosting in larger numbers. Deciduous natives start losing their leaves. Sweet Potato are now safely stored. Earth is growing cold. All tasks connected with harvest are completed within this lunar cycle.

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Te Tohu o Kaupeka - Kawau Pū

Sign of the Season - Black Shag (Phalacrocorax carbo)

“He Kawau ka tuku ki roto ki te aro maunga”
“A cormorant makes straight for his home on the heights”

This whakatauākī (proverb) reflects on the Kawau as a warrior of execution and accomplishment due to the direct flight of this bird, a reference to those who remain focused on their objectives.

When Kawau Pū nest, the earth has grown cold and all tasks connected with harvesting crops are completed.

Kawau Pū, a black-footed shag also referred to as the Black or Great Cormorant, is a large inland shag native to New Zealand that grows to a height of 88cm and can weigh 2.2kg. It is predominately covered in sleek blue-black feathers with white feathered cheeks and white thighs when breeding. It has a pale grey bill and green eyes. Kawau Pū have long necks are very strong swimmers with their short legs and webbed feet, they are capable of diving to a depth of 12m feeding on fish, eels, shellfish and freshwater crays.

They are commonly seen from the coasts to high alpine regions of North and South Islands, perching precariously on posts, rock ledges and in trees, or roosting together in colonies on dishevelled nests of seaweed and sticks from Haratua to Whiringa-ā-nuku (12th to the 5th Matariki month).

Kawau Pū are known as Te Mokopuna a Terepunga, the grandchildren of Terepunga, who with Noho-tumutumu are the personified forms of the Kawau. Terepunga is descended from Ranginui-ā-Tama (or Tamaiwaho) an Atua of War who in turn is descended from Rangi and Papa. Kawau were held responsible for instigating the war between the birds of the land and seabirds.

11th Matariki Month - Paenga-whawha

Te Marama o Matariki He Maramataka Māori - Paenga-whāwhā

11th Month of the Māori Year - April/May

E puāwai ana te Maire Tawake. E tipu ana te Harore ki runga ki ngā rākau i ngā wāhi māku. Ka whānau hēki hoki ngā Wētā. Kei te kohikohia ngā Kūmara ki ngā taha o ngā māra hei mau ki ngā whata, ngā pātaka me ngā hāpuke. He iti noa te kaha o Tama nui te Rā. Kei te āhua kōpeke a Paptūānuku.

Swamp Maire are now in flower. Turkey Tails grow on trees in damp places. Weta begin laying eggs. Sweet Potato are stacked by the edge of the field in preparation for storage. Day light is shorter and Earth is much cooler.

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Te Tohu o Kaupeka - Maire Tawake

Sign of the Season - Swamp Maire (Syzgium maire)

When the flowers of Maire Tawake appear the air becomes cool and daylight grows shorter.
Maire Tawake, known also as Whāwhākou and Tuhuhi, is an evergreen tree, native to New Zealand with smooth bark and a multi-branched canopy growing to a height of 15 m. It is found growing in the marshes of the North and upper South Island forests from sea level to 450 m where it develops a system of breathing roots to cope with the waterlogged soils of the swamplands. It also survives when surrounded by water.

Clusters of creamy-white flowers (similar to those of white rata) are borne upon single stems with paired opposite leaves during Paenga-whāwhā (11th Matariki Year). Flowers follow the juicy red berries of Maire Tawake hold only one seed and take twelve months to ripen. The berries were relished by Mäori and earlier settlers who made Waiwaka pudding, a deliciously mouth-watering sweet with an abundance of juice. The berries contain an extremely high concentration of antioxidants (18 times higher than blueberries).

The bark and leaves of Maire Tawake were used as rongoa, traditional medicine and a blue-black dye was obtained from the bark and leaves of the Tuhuhi.

10th Matariki Month - Poutu-te-Rangi

Te Marama o Matariki He Maramataka Māori -

Poutū-te-rangi

10th Month of the Māori Year - February/March

Ki te kitea a Poutū-te-rangi e maranga mai ana i te Rāwhiti, he tohu tēnei mo te wā Hauhake. Tïmata i te wā o te maranga o Whānui e kitea ana ki te tahatū o te rangi o te Raki ki te Rāwhiti. Kei te whai huarākau te Kaikōmako te Māhoe me te Karaka. He wā ngahuru ka taka ngā huruhuru o ngā manu. He wā rerenga atu o te Koekoeā, ka timata tōnā haere ki te whenua o Papua New Guinea, me te rere hoki o te Pīpīwharauroa ki ngā moutere te taha Rāwhiti o Fiji.

When Altair is seen rising in the east, prepare for the harvest. It is time to begin when Vega is seen rising in the northeast. White Wood, Kaikōmako and NZ Laurel are fruiting. Birds lose their feathers. Long-tailed Cuckoo leave for Papua New Guinea and the Shining Cuckoo fly to the islands east of Fiji.

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Te Tohu o Kaupeka - Poutū-te-rangi

Sign of the Season - Altair

‘Te ngahuru tikotikoiere, Ko Poutū-te-rangi te matahi o te tau...’
‘Altair carries the first fruits of the year, a bountiful time... ’

The above lines, from an oriori (lullaby) whose main narration relates to the mythical theme of the kūmara, are sung to children when the bright star Poutū-te-rangi appears in the sky.

The oriori is said to have been composed by Enoka Te Pakaru of Te Aitanga-a-mahaki (Taurawhiti/East Coast).

Poutū-te-rangi marks the completion of the growing season. When its light appears before dawn it signals a prosperous time when crops can be lifted and storehouses filled.

Poutū-te-rangi, a navigational star and food-bearer associated with the cultivation of kūmara is located some 15-17 light years from Earth in Aquila, a constellation found in Mangōroa, the Milky Way. Poutū-te-rangi is one of the closest stars visible with the naked eye and is noted for its extremely rapid rotation.

Its appearance heralds a time when Tohunga or Mata Paheru enter the kūmara fields to appraise the maturing tubers. Harvesting takes place over six days from the waning moon-night of Korekore-turua (22), after Whānui (Vega) is sighted, when all signs of mist and dew have left the morning and continues till the Sun reaches its zenith, when harvesting ceases to avoid any dampness affecting the crop.

Poutū-te-rangi is seen as a large hue or gourd in the heavens, its name originates from the Pou or posts that Tāne Mahuta used to lift Rangi the Sky Father from Papatūānuku the Earth Mother so that the light and warmth of the Sun could fall upon Earth.

9th Matariki Month - Hui Tanguru

Te Marama o Matariki He Maramataka Māori - Hui Tanguru

9th Month of the Māori Year - January/February

Kua maranga mai a Rēhua ki te paerangi, te tahatū o Tonga ki te Rāwhiti. He tohu tēnei o te mutunga o te wā tupu o te huawhenua, huarākau. Kei te maoa mai ngā huarākau o te Ngaio me te Mokopapa, e kitea ana e inaina mai ana i roto i ngā ringa o Tama nui te Ra. Kei te tino wera me te tino maroke a Papatūānuku.

Antares is seen rising on the southern horizon bringing the end of the growing season. Berries are ripening on the Ngaio and Skinks are seen basking in sun. Earth is now very hot and dry.

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Te Tohu o Kaupeka - Mokopapa

Sign of the Season - Skink (Oligosoma nigriplantare)

‘Taua ki uta, taua ki te wai’

‘We of the land, we of the sea.’

This whakatauākī (proverb) refers to the choices made by Ikatere and Tū-te-wehiwehi (the sons of Punga), a reflection of decisions and choices once made by our own Ancestors. Choices that continue to affect our lives and direction today.

When Mokopapa are seen basking in sun, the rain has moved away, earth becomes dry and is very hot.

Mokopapa, most commonly encountered in the southern part of the North Island of New Zealand, are found living in dry open areas where small insects and spiders are plentiful such as decomposing leaf matter and logs, underneath stones and houses, and around gardens. The colours and markings of Mokopapa vary as does their size. They have exceptional senses, are extremely alert and can swim very well. They can grow to a length of 350mm and give birth to 8-9 live young during Hui Tanguru (9th Matariki month), unlike other skink who lay eggs.

They are ‘Te Aitanga-ā-Punga’, descendants of Punga, a supernatural being and ancestor of misshapen forms and son of Tangaroa (guardian of the sea), Two sons of Punga, Ikatere and Tü-te-wehiwehi, fled for their lives when Tāwhirimātea (guardian of storms), declared war on his brothers in revenge for the cruel separation of Papa and Rangi, their parents. Both brothers initially took refuge in the sea before Tū-te-wehiwehi fled to the forest where he became the ancestor of lizards, leaving his brother to become ancestor to certain species of fish.

Mokopapa, like Tuatara were perceived as kaitiaki for mauri, the guardians of life force who protected health, the vitality of trees and the forests and watched over the dead.